{"id":32537,"date":"2026-04-21T13:12:55","date_gmt":"2026-04-21T12:12:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/staging-v2.fbt-avocats.ch\/?p=32537"},"modified":"2026-04-27T08:22:16","modified_gmt":"2026-04-27T07:22:16","slug":"the-criminal-liability-chain-and-money-laundering-by-omission","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/staging-v2.fbt-avocats.ch\/en\/the-criminal-liability-chain-and-money-laundering-by-omission\/","title":{"rendered":"The criminal liability chain and money laundering by omission"},"content":{"rendered":"<div  class='avia-slideshow av-lpqtcuam-76906b30aa535219bbd7e5abbadb45f0 avia-slideshow-featured_large av_slideshow avia-slide-slider  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_heading  avia-builder-el-first  av-slideshow-ui av-control-default av-slideshow-manual av-loop-once av-loop-manual-endless av-default-height-applied avia-slideshow-1' data-slideshow-options=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;slide&quot;,&quot;autoplay&quot;:false,&quot;loop_autoplay&quot;:&quot;once&quot;,&quot;interval&quot;:5,&quot;loop_manual&quot;:&quot;manual-endless&quot;,&quot;autoplay_stopper&quot;:false,&quot;noNavigation&quot;:false,&quot;bg_slider&quot;:false,&quot;keep_padding&quot;:false,&quot;hoverpause&quot;:false,&quot;show_slide_delay&quot;:0}\"  itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><ul class='avia-slideshow-inner ' style='padding-bottom: 52.333333333333%;'><li  class='avia-slideshow-slide av-lpqtcuam-76906b30aa535219bbd7e5abbadb45f0__0  av-single-slide slide-1 slide-odd'><div data-rel='slideshow-1' class='avia-slide-wrap '   ><img fetchpriority=\"high\" class=\"wp-image-32540 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-32540\"  src='https:\/\/staging-v2.fbt-avocats.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Theo-Goetschin-criminal-liability-chain-1.jpg' width='1200' height='628' title='Theo-Goetschin-criminal-liability-chain' alt=''  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\"   \/><\/div><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-av_heading-aa9ecaf04084377677c31669f23ae41f\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-aa9ecaf04084377677c31669f23ae41f{\npadding-bottom:10px;\nfont-size:26px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-aa9ecaf04084377677c31669f23ae41f .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n#top #wrap_all .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-aa9ecaf04084377677c31669f23ae41f .av-special-heading-tag{\nfont-size:26px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-av_heading-aa9ecaf04084377677c31669f23ae41f .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n\n@media only screen and (min-width: 480px) and (max-width: 767px){ \n#top #wrap_all .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-aa9ecaf04084377677c31669f23ae41f .av-special-heading-tag{\nfont-size:0.8em;\n}\n}\n\n@media only screen and (max-width: 479px){ \n#top #wrap_all .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-aa9ecaf04084377677c31669f23ae41f .av-special-heading-tag{\nfont-size:0.8em;\n}\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-av_heading-aa9ecaf04084377677c31669f23ae41f av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_slideshow  el_before_av_hr  av-inherit-size'><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >The criminal liability chain and money laundering by omission<\/h1><div class='av-subheading av-subheading_below'><p>Allnews &#8211; April 2026<br \/>\nTh\u00e9o Goetschin &amp; Matthieu Tkatch<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-lpqthvln-edf60761fad835755560d987abf79923\">\n#top .hr.hr-invisible.av-lpqthvln-edf60761fad835755560d987abf79923{\nheight:30px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-lpqthvln-edf60761fad835755560d987abf79923 hr-invisible  avia-builder-el-2  el_after_av_heading  el_before_av_button '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div  class='avia-button-wrap av-lpqtm003-ee498a727b64bbad5e003f7c69a0e68f-wrap avia-button-left  avia-builder-el-3  el_after_av_hr  el_before_av_hr '><a href='https:\/\/staging-v2.fbt-avocats.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Allnews-Matthieu-Tkatch-avril-2026.pdf'  class='avia-button av-lpqtm003-ee498a727b64bbad5e003f7c69a0e68f av-link-btn avia-icon_select-no avia-size-large avia-position-left avia-color-theme-color'  target=\"_blank\"  rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"  aria-label=\"Download PDF\"><span class='avia_iconbox_title' >Download PDF<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-lpqthvln-edf60761fad835755560d987abf79923\">\n#top .hr.hr-invisible.av-lpqthvln-edf60761fad835755560d987abf79923{\nheight:30px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-lpqthvln-edf60761fad835755560d987abf79923 hr-invisible  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_button  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-lpqt34bs-e4937d6ee6fb8bf73eb238b3b32b6052 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>In criminal law, inaction does not, in principle, constitute a criminal act. However, the law, a contract or certain situations may create a position of guarantor involving a legal obligation to act which, if not fulfilled, gives rise to a criminal risk. This constitutes the commission of a criminal offence by omission (Art. 11 of the Swiss Criminal Code (SCC)). Where this duty falls on the company, it may be attributed to a natural person where that person holds certain positions or functions (Art. 29 SCC).<\/p>\n<p>In the field of financial intermediation, and more generally in the banking sector, the AMLA constitutes the main body of regulations detailing the duties of various actors in the fight against money laundering. Under these rules, the financial intermediary must first and foremost avoid breaching the duties of clarification and reporting, amongst other monitoring obligations. However, the criminal consequences provided for by this Act (Articles 37 and 38 AMLA) are no longer the only risk that financial intermediaries must take into account.<\/p>\n<p>Indeed, in 2010, the Federal Supreme Court (FSC) established in a landmark ruling<sup>1<\/sup> that it is possible to commit an act of money laundering by omission through the mere breach of anti-money laundering supervisory rules. In doing so, the FSC held that these rules established, for the financial intermediary, a position of guarantor entailing a duty to act, which translates into a positive duty to cooperate actively with the competent authorities. A breach of this duty to act could thus be equated with an act of money laundering by omission.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-av_heading-4ce00b36bfe564dec2376e24bfb5e514\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-4ce00b36bfe564dec2376e24bfb5e514{\npadding-bottom:10px;\nfont-size:20px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-4ce00b36bfe564dec2376e24bfb5e514 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n#top #wrap_all .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-4ce00b36bfe564dec2376e24bfb5e514 .av-special-heading-tag{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-av_heading-4ce00b36bfe564dec2376e24bfb5e514 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n\n@media only screen and (min-width: 480px) and (max-width: 767px){ \n#top #wrap_all .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-4ce00b36bfe564dec2376e24bfb5e514 .av-special-heading-tag{\nfont-size:0.8em;\n}\n}\n\n@media only screen and (max-width: 479px){ \n#top #wrap_all .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-4ce00b36bfe564dec2376e24bfb5e514 .av-special-heading-tag{\nfont-size:0.8em;\n}\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-av_heading-4ce00b36bfe564dec2376e24bfb5e514 av-special-heading-h2 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_hr  av-inherit-size'><h2 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >Whilst this case law is appropriate, it does not mean that any guarantor may act negligently with complete impunity and take refuge behind ignorance of the potentially criminal origin of funds<\/h2><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-lpqthvln-edf60761fad835755560d987abf79923\">\n#top .hr.hr-invisible.av-lpqthvln-edf60761fad835755560d987abf79923{\nheight:30px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-lpqthvln-edf60761fad835755560d987abf79923 hr-invisible  avia-builder-el-7  el_after_av_heading  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-lpqt34bs-e4937d6ee6fb8bf73eb238b3b32b6052 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>However, this case law addresses only part of the equation. Indeed, criminal proceedings relate not only to the criminal act (objective element of the offense) but also to the perpetrator\u2019s intent (subjective element of the offense). Yet, a conviction for money laundering under Article<em> 305bis<\/em> of the SCC requires the perpetrator\u2019s intent, at the very least in the form of conditional intent (<em>dolus eventualis<\/em>). This threshold is reached as soon as the perpetrator considers it probable that the assets in question derive from a crime but deliberately refrains from carrying out any further investigation in order to avoid uncovering the truth. In this scenario, the financial intermediary acts with conditional intent and commits the offence. Conversely, if they fail to realise, through negligence, that the assets are of criminal origin, the constituent elements of the offence are in principle not met.<\/p>\n<p>In a more recent judgment<sup>2<\/sup> involving a client advisor at a Zurich bank, the FSC clarified the relationship between breaches of supervisory rules and money laundering by analysing the issue from the perspective of criminal intent. Without calling into question the principles mentioned above, the FSC considered that, in the present case, even though the advisor should have carried out more thorough checks in accordance with his professional obligations, this negligence was not sufficient, in itself, to conclude that he knew, or should have presumed, that the funds were of criminal origin. In other words, mere failure to comply with due diligence obligations is not sufficient to establish a conscious acceptance of the risk of participating in the concealment of the criminal origin of funds and, consequently, to secure a conviction for money laundering.<\/p>\n<p>Whilst this case law is appropriate, it does not mean that any guarantor may act negligently with complete impunity and take refuge behind ignorance of the potentially criminal origin of funds. Indeed, intent, as well as the analysis of the alleged act itself, will always depend on evidence and procedural context. A diligent financial intermediary, and in particular its compliance department, will therefore ensure strict adherence to the documentation and requirements provided for by the AMLA, if only to be able to defend itself adequately in any legal proceedings brought against it.<\/p>\n<p>Finally, it is important to note that these considerations essentially concern only the perpetrator of the offence as a natural person. Money laundering is indeed distinctive in that it may be attributed, under Article 102(2) SCC, to the company in which the perpetrator was operating, where the company has failed to take all reasonable and necessary organisational measures to prevent the commission of the offence. This was, in fact, the situation faced by an American bank in the most recent case cited. In practice, two different analyses must therefore often be carried out simultaneously: one focussing on the employee\u2019s conduct, the other on the company\u2019s organisational framework. This subject will be explored in the next article in the series.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-lpqthvln-edf60761fad835755560d987abf79923\">\n#top .hr.hr-invisible.av-lpqthvln-edf60761fad835755560d987abf79923{\nheight:30px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-lpqthvln-edf60761fad835755560d987abf79923 hr-invisible  avia-builder-el-9  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-m7kkz4pz-91ec9b133e05a166032d25c79b61bf1a\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-m7kkz4pz-91ec9b133e05a166032d25c79b61bf1a .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:10px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-m7kkz4pz-91ec9b133e05a166032d25c79b61bf1a '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p class=\"note-bas\"><sup>1<\/sup>FSC judgment 6B_908\/2009 of 3 November 2010.<br \/>\n<sup>2<\/sup>FSC judgment 6B_1180\/2023 of 24 September 2024.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-lpqthvln-edf60761fad835755560d987abf79923\">\n#top .hr.hr-invisible.av-lpqthvln-edf60761fad835755560d987abf79923{\nheight:30px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-lpqthvln-edf60761fad835755560d987abf79923 hr-invisible  avia-builder-el-11  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-m7kkz4pz-84aa1c405c73313048d6329b4cf920bf '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/staging-v2.fbt-avocats.ch\/en\/portfolio-item\/theo-goetschin\/\">Th\u00e9o Goetschin<\/a><br \/>\nCounsel, Gen\u00e8ve<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/staging-v2.fbt-avocats.ch\/en\/portfolio-item\/matthieu-tkatch\/\">Matthieu Tkatch<\/a><br \/>\nAssociate, Gen\u00e8ve<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">Members of FBT&#8217;s <a href=\"https:\/\/staging-v2.fbt-avocats.ch\/en\/competence\/white-collar-crime\/\">White-Collar Crime<\/a> &amp; <a href=\"https:\/\/staging-v2.fbt-avocats.ch\/en\/competence\/litigation-and-arbitration\/\">Litigation and Arbitration<\/a>\u00a0groups<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-av_heading-642d5874d7c6fe698cea463ae5f9eb80\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-642d5874d7c6fe698cea463ae5f9eb80{\npadding-bottom:10px;\nfont-size:20px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-642d5874d7c6fe698cea463ae5f9eb80 .av-special-heading-tag 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av-lpqum02u-bc0494c5c39e8aaf1b0cc89c664ccf98 av-social-sharing-box-default  avia-builder-el-18  avia-builder-el-no-sibling  av-social-sharing-box-fullwidth'><div class=\"av-share-box\"><ul class=\"av-share-box-list noLightbox\"><li class='av-share-link av-social-link-linkedin avia_social_iconfont' ><a target=\"_blank\" aria-label=\"Share on LinkedIn\" href='https:\/\/linkedin.com\/shareArticle?mini=true&#038;title=The%20criminal%20liability%20chain%20and%20money%20laundering%20by%20omission&#038;url=https:\/\/staging-v2.fbt-avocats.ch\/en\/the-criminal-liability-chain-and-money-laundering-by-omission\/' data-av_icon='\ue8fc' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'  title='' data-avia-related-tooltip='Share on LinkedIn'><span class='avia_hidden_link_text'>Share on LinkedIn<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" 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